Analysis of Fault Location Algorithms of Distance Protection Relays in the Presence of Inverter-Based Infeed in Transmission Grids
Polster J, Löbel J, Jäger J (2026)
Publication Language: English
Publication Type: Conference contribution, Conference Contribution
Publication year: 2026
Publisher: The Institute of Engineering and Technology
Book Volume: Volume 2026 • Issue 3 • 01 June 2026
Pages Range: 54-61
Conference Proceedings Title: IET Conference Proceedings
Event location: London
URI: https://digital-library.theiet.org/doi/10.1049/icp.2026.1845
Abstract
The share of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in transmission grids increases. These IBRs are mostly grid-following and rely on external voltage sources. If a grid fault occurs on the connecting lines, it is fed from both sides. This challenges distance protection. The reactance method offers a potential solution in such scenarios, yet assuming conventional synchronous generators that are negative and zero sequence source-free. However, IBRs can act as both positive and negative sequence current sources, challenging this method. A key issue is the IBR’s variable and therefore unknown source impedance affecting the negative sequence network. Three IBR influenced fault scenarios are analyzed: Without current injection in the negative sequence, the method fails due to the absence of a measurable current. With current injection in the negative sequence, leading to a negligible error, hence accurate results are still possible. With simultaneous mixed infeed from IBRs and synchronous generators, resulting in increased errors. Nevertheless, the reactance method consistently outperforms the conventional distance protection algorithm in the second and the third case. A real-time hardware-in-the-loop validation confirms these findings.
Authors with CRIS profile
Jonathan Löbel
Professur für Elektrische Energieversorgung
Johann Jäger
Professur für Elektrische Energieversorgung
How to cite
APA:
Polster, J., Löbel, J., & Jäger, J. (2026). Analysis of Fault Location Algorithms of Distance Protection Relays in the Presence of Inverter-Based Infeed in Transmission Grids. In IET Conference Proceedings (pp. 54-61). London, GB: The Institute of Engineering and Technology.
MLA:
Polster, Jannik, Jonathan Löbel, and Johann Jäger. "Analysis of Fault Location Algorithms of Distance Protection Relays in the Presence of Inverter-Based Infeed in Transmission Grids." Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (DPSP Global 2026), London The Institute of Engineering and Technology, 2026. 54-61.
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