Müller JM (2026)
Publication Type: Journal article
Publication year: 2026
Book Volume: 7
Pages Range: 92-109
Journal Issue: 1
DOI: 10.5334/bc.624
Living labs (LLs) have emerged as a prominent vehicle for open, user-centric innovation; however, systematic evaluations of their effectiveness remain scarce. This assessment gap is addressed by conducting a systematic literature review that assesses the efficacy of LLs. Building on four types of LLs derived from the literature, the paper identifies a fifth type: network-driven LLs. A classification of evaluation frameworks is created: outcome-, impact-, effectiveness-and hybrid-oriented categories. The parameters for success are consolidated into five analytical dimensions: economic and business value; user-centricity; innovation; knowledge and learning; and societal impact. The study offers conceptual clarity and practical guidance: (1) it provides a differentiated view of evaluation frameworks that reflect the diverse ambitions of LLs; and (2) it classifies success parameters across multiple analytical dimensions. These insights contribute to a more structured and differentiated understanding of the performance of LLs and provide a foundation for developing more targeted evaluation strategies. Future research should therefore test these frameworks in real-world settings and develop adaptable tools to assess LL effectiveness more rigorously.
APA:
Müller, J.M. (2026). Living labs: a systematic review of success parameters and outcomes. Buildings & Cities, 7(1), 92-109. https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.624
MLA:
Müller, Jan Moritz. "Living labs: a systematic review of success parameters and outcomes." Buildings & Cities 7.1 (2026): 92-109.
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