Polygenic prediction of body mass index and obesity through the life course and across ancestries

Smit RA, Wade KH, Hui Q, Arias JD, Yin X, Christiansen MR, Yengo L, Preuss MH, Nakabuye M, Rocheleau G, Graham SE, Buchanan VL, Chittoor G, Graff M, Guindo-Martínez M, Lu Y, Marouli E, Sakaue S, Spracklen CN, Vedantam S, Wilson EP, Chen SH, Ferreira T, Ji Y, Karaderi T, Lüll K, Machado M, Malden DE, Medina-Gomez C, Moore A, Rüeger S, Akiyama M, Allison MA, Alvarez M, Andersen MK, Appadurai V, Arbeeva L, Bartell E, Bhaskar S, Bielak LF, Bis JC, Bollepalli S, Bork-Jensen J, Bradfield JP, Bradford Y, Brandl C, Braund PS, Brody JA, Broeckel U, Burgdorf KS, Cade BE, Cai Q, Camarda S, Campbell A, Cañadas-Garre M, Chai JF, Chesi A, Choi SH, Christofidou P, Couture C, Cuellar-Partida G, Danning R, Degenhardt F, Delgado GE, Delitala A, Demirkan A, Deng X, Dietl A, Dimitriou M, Dimitrov L, Dorajoo R, Eichelmann F, Eliasen AU, Engmann JE, Erdos MR, Fairhurst-Hunter Z, Farmaki AE, Faul JD, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Forer L, Frank M, Freitag-Wolf S, Fritsche LG, Fuchsberger C, Galesloot TE, Gao Y, Geller F, Giannakopoulou O, Giulianini F, Gjesing AP, Goel A, Gordon SD, Gorski M, Grove J, Guo X, Gustafsson S, Haessler J, Hansen TF, Havulinna AS, Haworth SJ, Heard-Costa N, Hemerich D, Highland HM, Hindy G, Ho YL, Hofer E, Holliday E, Horn K, Hornsby WE, Hottenga JJ, Huang H, Huang J, Huerta-Chagoya A, Huo S, Hwang MY, Hwu CM, Iha H, Ikeda DD, Isono M, Jackson AU, Jansen IE, Jiang Y, Johansson I, Jonsson A, Jørgensen T, Kalafati IP, Kanai M, Kanoni S, Kårhus LL, Kasturiratne A, Katsuya T, Kawaguchi T, Kember RL, Kentistou KA, Kim D, Kim HN, Kim YJ, Kleber ME, Knol MJ, Kurbasic A, Lauzon M, Le P, Lea R, Lee JY, Lee WJ, Leonard HL, Li H, Li SA, Li X, Li X, Liang J, Lin H, Lin K, Liu J, Liu X, Lo KS, Long J, Lores-Motta L, Luan J, Lyssenko V, Lyytikäinen LP, Mahajan A, Malik MZ, Mamakou V, Mangino M, Manichaikul A, Marten J, Mattheisen M, McDaid AF, Mei Q, Meiselbach H, Melendez TL, Milaneschi Y, Miller JE, Millwood IY, Mishra PP, Mitchell RE, Møllehave LT, Mononen N, Mucha S, Munz M, Mykkänen J, Nakatochi M, Nardone GG, Nelson CP, Nethander M, Nho CW, Nielsen AA, Nolte IM, Nongmaithem SS, Noordam R, Ntalla I, Nutile T, Pandit A, Pauper M, Petersen ER, Petersen LV, Piluso F, Polašek O, Poveda A, Pyarajan S, Raffield LM, Rakugi H, Ramirez J, Rasheed A, Raven D, Rayner NW, Riveros C, Rohde R, Ruggiero D, Ruotsalainen SE, Ryan KA, Sabater-Lleal M, Santin A, Saxena R, Scholz M, Shen B, Shi J, Shin JH, Sidore C, Sidorenko J, Sim X, Slieker RC, Smith AV, Smith JA, Smyth LJ, Southam L, Steinthorsdottir V, Sun L, Takeuchi F, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Tcheandjieu C, Terzikhan N, Tesolin P, Teumer A, Theusch E, Thompson DJ, Thorleifsson G, Timmers PR, Trompet S, Turman C, Vaccargiu S, van der Laan SW, van der Most PJ, van Klinken JB, van Setten J, Verma SS, Verweij N, Veturi Y, Wang CA, Wang C, Wang JS, Wang L, Wang YX, Wang Z, Warren HR, Bin Wei W, Wen W, Wheeler WA, Wickremasinghe AR, Wielscher M, Winsvold BS, Wong A, Wuttke M, Xia R, Yamamoto K, Yang J, Yao J, Young H, Yousri NA, Yu L, Zeng L, Zhang W, Zhang X, Zhao JH, Zhao W, Zhou W, Zimmermann ME, Zoledziewska M, 't Hart LM, Adair LS, Adams HH, Aguilar-Salinas CA, Al-Mulla F, Arnett DK, Asselbergs FW, Åsvold BO, Attia J, Banas B, Bandinelli S, Beilin LJ, Bennett DA, Bergler T, Bharadwaj D, Biino G, Boerwinkle E, Böger CA, Borja JB, Bouchard C, Bowden DW, Brandslund I, Brumpton B, Buring JE, Caulfield MJ, Chambers JC, Chandak GR, Chanock SJ, Chaturvedi N, Ida Chen YD, Chen Z, Cheng CY, Cho YS, Christensen K, Christophersen IE, Ciullo M, Cole JW, Collins FS, Concas MP, Cooper RS, Cruz M, Cucca F, Cutler MJ, Damrauer SM, Dantoft TM, de Borst GJ, de Geus EJ, de Groot LC, De Jager PL, de Kleijn DP, de Silva HJ, Dedoussis GV, den Hollander AI, Du S, Easton DF, Eckardt KU, Elders PJ, Eliassen AH, Ellinor PT, Elmståhl S, Erdmann J, Evans MK, Fatkin D, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Ferrucci L, Florez JC, Ford I, Fornage M, Franke A, Franks PW, Freedman BI, Gieger C, Girotto G, Golightly YM, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Gordon-Larsen P, Grallert H, Grant SF, Grarup N, Griffiths L, Gudnason V, Haiman C, Hakonarson H, Hansen T, Hartman CA, Hattersley AT, Hayward C, Heid IM, Heng CK, Hengstenberg C, Herzig KH, Hewitt AW, Hishigaki H, Hougaard DM, Hoyng CB, Huang PL, Huang W, Huang WY, Huffman JE, Hunt SC, Hutri N, Hveem K, Hyppönen E, Iacono WG, Ichihara S, Ikram MA, Isasi CR, Jarvelin MR, Jin ZB, Jöckel KH, Jonas JB, Joshi PK, Jousilahti P, Jukema JW, Kähönen M, Kamatani Y, Kang KD, Kaprio J, Kardia SL, Karpe F, Kato N, Kavousi M, Kee F, Kessler T, Khera AV, Khor CC, Kiemeney LA, Kim BJ, Kim EK, Kim HL, Kirchhof P, Kivimaki M, Koh WP, Koistinen HA, Kokkinos A, Kooner JS, Kooperberg C, Kovacs P, Kraaijeveld A, Kraft P, Krauss RM, Kumari M, Kutalik Z, Laakso M, Lange LA, Langenberg C, Launer LJ, Lee H, Lee NR, Lehtimäki T, Lemaitre RN, Li H, Li L, Lieb W, Lin X, Lind L, Linneberg A, Liu CT, Liu J, Loeffler M, London B, Lu F, Lubitz SA, Mackey DA, Magnusson PK, Manson JAE, Marcus GM, Marques Vidal P, Martin NG, März W, Matsuda F, McCarthy MI, McGarrah RW, McGue M, McKnight AJ, Medland SE, Mellström D, Metspalu A, Mitchell BD, Mitchell P, Mook-Kanamori DO, Mori TA, Morris AD, Mucci LA, Munroe PB, Nalls MA, Nazarian S, Nelson AE, Neville MJ, Newton-Cheh C, Nielsen CS, Niinikoski H, Nikus K, Nöthen MM, Ogunniyi A, Ohlsson C, Oldehinkel AJ, Orozco L, Pahkala K, Pajukanta P, Palmer CN, Parra EJ, Pattaro C, Pedersen O, Pennell CE, Penninx BW, Perusse L, Peters A, Peyser PA, Porteous DJ, Posthuma D, Power C, Pramstaller PP, Province MA, Psaty BM, Qi Q, Qu J, Rader DJ, Raitakari OT, Rallidis LS, Rao DC, Redline S, Reilly DF, Reiner AP, Rhee SY, Ridker PM, Rienstra M, Ripatti S, Ritchie MD, Rivadeneira F, Roden DM, Rosendaal FR, Rotter JI, Rudan I, Rutters F, Ryu S, Sabanayagam C, Salako B, Saleheen D, Salomaa V, Samani NJ, Sanghera DK, Sattar N, Schmidt B, Schmidt H, Schmidt R, Schulze MB, Schunkert H, Scott LJ, Scott RJ, Sever P, Sheu WH, Shoemaker MB, Shu XO, Simonsick EM, Sims M, Singleton AB, Sinner MF, Smith JG, Snieder H, Spector TD, Spedicati B, Stampfer MJ, Stark KJ, Strachan DP, Tabara Y, Tai ES, Tang H, Tardif JC, Thanaraj TA, Tönjes A, Tuomi T, Tuomilehto J, Tusié-Luna MT, van Dam RM, van der Harst P, Van der Velde N, van Duijn CM, van Schoor NM, Vitart V, Vohl MC, Völker U, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Vrieze S, Wacher-Rodarte NH, Walker M, Wander GS, Wareham NJ, Watanabe RM, Watkins H, Weir DR, Werge TM, Widen E, Willemsen G, Willett WC, Wilson JF, Wilson PW, Wong TY, Woo JT, Wright AF, Xu H, Yajnik CS, Yang J, Yokota M, Yuan JM, Zeggini E, Zemel BS, Zheng W, Zhu X, Zillikens MC, Zonderman AB, Zwart JA, Abecasis GR, Assimes TL, Auton A, Boehnke M, Chasman DI, Esko T, Stefansson K, Lettre G, Lindgren CM, Ng MC, O'Donnell CJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Visscher PM, Walters RG, Winkler TW, Wood AR, Deloukas P, Frayling TM, Justice AE, Kilpeläinen TO, Locke AE, Mohlke KL, North KE, Okada Y, Willer CJ, Young KL, Fatumo S, McCaffery JM, Timpson NJ, Hirschhorn JN, Sun YV, Berndt SI, Loos RJ (2025)

Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2025

Journal

Book Volume: 31

Pages Range: 3151-3168

Journal Issue: 9

DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03827-z

Abstract

Polygenic scores (PGSs) for body mass index (BMI) may guide early prevention and targeted treatment of obesity. Using genetic data from up to 5.1 million people (4.6% African ancestry, 14.4% American ancestry, 8.4% East Asian ancestry, 71.1% European ancestry and 1.5% South Asian ancestry) from the GIANT consortium and 23andMe, Inc., we developed ancestry-specific and multi-ancestry PGSs. The multi-ancestry score explained 17.6% of BMI variation among UK Biobank participants of European ancestry. For other populations, this ranged from 16% in East Asian-Americans to 2.2% in rural Ugandans. In the ALSPAC study, children with higher PGSs showed accelerated BMI gain from age 2.5 years to adolescence, with earlier adiposity rebound. Adding the PGS to predictors available at birth nearly doubled explained variance for BMI from age 5 onward (for example, from 11% to 21% at age 8). Up to age 5, adding the PGS to early-life BMI improved prediction of BMI at age 18 (for example, from 22% to 35% at age 5). Higher PGSs were associated with greater adult weight gain. In intensive lifestyle intervention trials, individuals with higher PGSs lost modestly more weight in the first year (0.55 kg per s.d.) but were more likely to regain it. Overall, these data show that PGSs have the potential to improve obesity prediction, particularly when implemented early in life.

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Nanjing Medical University / 南京医科大学 China (CN) Novo Nordisk Foundation / Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF) Denmark (DK) Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Germany (DE) University of Peloponnese Greece (GR) Boston University United States (USA) (US) Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU) / University Amsterdam Netherlands (NL) Lund University / Lunds universitet Sweden (SE) University of Edinburgh United Kingdom (GB) University of Maryland School of Pharmacy United States (USA) (US) University of Minnesota (UMN) United States (USA) (US) University of Maryland School of Pharmacy United States (USA) (US) Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC) United States (USA) (US) Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar (WCM-Q) Qatar (QA) Keck School of Medicine of USC United States (USA) (US) Peking University Health Science Center China (CN) Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel Germany (DE) Karolinska Institute Sweden (SE) Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH) / Folkehelseinstituttet Norway (NO) Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai United States (USA) (US) Queen Mary University of London United Kingdom (GB) Copenhagen University Hospital Denmark (DK) University of Mississippi Medical Center United States (USA) (US) University of Oxford United Kingdom (GB) Case Western Reserve University United States (USA) (US) Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI) Australia (AU) Universitätsklinikum Freiburg Germany (DE) Amsterdam University Medical Centers (Amsterdam UMC) / Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra Netherlands (NL) University of South Australia Australia (AU) University of California San Francisco (UCSF) United States (USA) (US) Stanford University United States (USA) (US) Children's Hospital of Philadelphia United States (USA) (US) National University of Singapore (NUS) Singapore (SG) University College London (UCL) United Kingdom (GB) National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) United States (USA) (US) eurac research Italy (IT) Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Australia (AU) Taichung Veterans General Hospital Taiwan (TW) Capital University of Medical Sciences / 首都医科大学 China (CN) Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán Mexico (MX) Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI Mexico (MX) Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP) / National Institute of Public Health Mexico (MX) Duke University United States (USA) (US) Universitätsklinikum Bonn Germany (DE) eurac research Italy (IT) University of Newcastle (UoN) Australia (AU) Université Laval (UL) Canada (CA) University of Connecticut (UConn) United States (USA) (US) U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs United States (USA) (US) University of Leicester United Kingdom (GB) Medical College of Wisconsin (MCW) United States (USA) (US) King’s College London United Kingdom (GB) Università degli Studi di Sassari (UNISS) Italy (IT) Statens Serum Institut Denmark (DK) Korea National Institute of Health (KNIH) Korea, Republic of (KR) National Center for Global Health and Medicine (NCGM) Japan (JP) University of Toronto Canada (CA) National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Greece (GR) Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research Denmark (DK) University of Split / Sveučilište u Splitu Croatia (HR) Loyola University Chicago United States (USA) (US) University of Utah United States (USA) (US) University of Pennsylvania (UPenn) United States (USA) (US) University of Glasgow United Kingdom (GB) National Cancer Institute (NCI) United States (USA) (US) University of Michigan United States (USA) (US) University of Bergen / Universitetet i Bergen Norway (NO) Universität zu Lübeck Germany (DE) Vejle Sygehus Denmark (DK) Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) / National Research Council of Italy Italy (IT) NTNU Trondheim - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Norway (NO) Icelandic Heart Association (IHA) Iceland (IS) Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard United States (USA) (US) University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) United States (USA) (US) Harvard University United States (USA) (US) Medizinische Universität Innsbruck Austria (AT) Harbor–UCLA Medical Center United States (USA) (US) Rigshospitalet Denmark (DK) Medizinische Universität Graz Austria (AT) Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. / 大塚製薬株式会社 Japan (JP) Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal Canada (CA) University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) / Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen Netherlands (NL) Institute of genetics and biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso" (IGB) Italy (IT) Institute of genetics and biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso" (IGB) Italy (IT) Harbor–UCLA Medical Center United States (USA) (US) Louisiana State University United States (USA) (US) University of Amsterdam Netherlands (NL) University of Exeter United Kingdom (GB) Kyung Hee University Korea, Republic of (KR) Singapore Eye Research Institute Singapore (SG) University of Oklahoma United States (USA) (US) Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK e.V.) Germany (DE) Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal Canada (CA) Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK e.V.) Germany (DE) Dayanand Medical College & Hospital India (IN) University of Copenhagen Denmark (DK) Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center United States (USA) (US) Southern University of Science and Technology China (CN) Taipei Veterans General Hospital / 台北榮民總醫院 Taiwan (TW) Nagoya University / 名古屋大学 Japan (JP) Sahlgrenska University Hospital / Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset Sweden (SE) Leiden University Medical Center Netherlands (NL) University of Western Australia (UWA) Australia (AU) Intermountain Healthcare United States (USA) (US) Wageningen University & Research Netherlands (NL) Lausanne University Hospital / Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois (CHUV) Switzerland (CH) University of Dundee United Kingdom (GB) University of California, Riverside (UCR) United States (USA) (US) Geisinger Health System United States (USA) (US) RTI International United States (USA) (US) Università degli Studi di Trieste Italy (IT) Queen's University United Kingdom (GB) Genome Institute of Singapore Singapore (SG) QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (früher: the Queensland Institute of Medical Research) Australia (AU) Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health United States (USA) (US) Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) / 한국과학기술연구원 Korea, Republic of (KR) Helmholtz Zentrum München - Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (HMGU) / Helmholtz Munich Germany (DE) Oslo University Hospital / Oslo Universitetssykehus Rikshospitalet Norway (NO) Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute Australia (AU) Albert Einstein College of Medicine United States (USA) (US) The Catholic University of Korea Incheon St. Mary's Hospital / 가톨릭대학교 인천성모병원 Korea, Republic of (KR) University of Iowa United States (USA) (US) UPMC Hillman Cancer Center United States (USA) (US) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill United States (USA) (US) IMS RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences Japan (JP) National Institute on Aging (NIA) United States (USA) (US) University of Virginia (UVA) United States (USA) (US) Sant Pau Institute for Biomedical Research (IIBSP) / Institut de Recerca de L’hospital de La Santa Creu i de Sant Pau Spain (ES) University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMC Utrecht) Netherlands (NL) Universitätsklinikum Regensburg Germany (DE) Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung (DIfE) Germany (DE) University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) United States (USA) (US) Universitätsklinikum Regensburg Germany (DE) Medizinische Universität Wien Austria (AT) Chinese National Human Genome Center (CHGB) / 国家人类基因组北方研究中心 China (CN) University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus United States (USA) (US) St George's, University of London (SGUL) / St George's Hospital Medical School United Kingdom (GB) University of Queensland Australia (AU) University of Tartu Estonia (EE) University of Washington United States (USA) (US) Universität Regensburg Germany (DE) Universitätsklinikum Mannheim / University Medical Centre Mannheim (Universitätsmedizin Mannheim) Germany (DE) Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre / Radboudumc of voluit Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum (UMC) Netherlands (NL) Universität Regensburg Germany (DE) University of Massachusetts Medical School United States (USA) (US) deCODE genetics Iceland (IS) National Institute of Genomic Medicine / Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN) Mexico (MX) National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) / 國家衛生研究院 Taiwan (TW) Huazhong University of Science & Technology China (CN) Imperial College London / The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine United Kingdom (GB) Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) India (IN) University of Southern Denmark / Syddansk Universitet Denmark (DK) Oulun Yliopisto / University of Oulo Finland (FI) Fondation Adolphe de Rothschild Hospital France (FR) Yonsei University Health System (YUHS) Korea, Republic of (KR) Boston Children's Hospital United States (USA) (US) University of Bristol United Kingdom (GB) Vanderbilt University United States (USA) (US) Wake Forest University United States (USA) (US) University of California, San Diego (UC San Diego, UCSD) United States (USA) (US) Université de Lausanne (UNIL) Switzerland (CH) University of Kelaniya Sri Lanka (LK) Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Korea, Republic of (KR) Dasman Diabetes Institute Kuwait (KW) University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth Houston) United States (USA) (US) University of San Carlos Philippines (PH) National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL) Finland (FI) Massachusetts General Hospital United States (USA) (US) Merck & Co., Inc. / Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp (MSD) United States (USA) (US) Erasmus University Medical Center (MC) Netherlands (NL) Aarhus University Denmark (DK) 23andMe United States (USA) (US) Turku University Hospital / Turun yliopistollinen keskussairaala (TYKS) Finland (FI) Technische Universität München (TUM) Germany (DE) Azienda USL Toscana Centro Italy (IT) Ewha Womans University / 이화여자대학교 Korea, Republic of (KR) Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) Germany (DE) Ealing Hospital NHS Trust United Kingdom (GB) University of Essex United Kingdom (GB) University of Eastern Finland Finland (FI) Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) United Kingdom (GB) Erasmus University Medical Center (MC) Netherlands (NL) Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CSIR-CCMB) India (IN) Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM) / Suomen Molekyylilääketieteen Instituutti Finland (FI) Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) United States (USA) (US) Universitätsklinikum Essen Germany (DE) Uppsala University Sweden (SE) Universitätsklinikum Leipzig Germany (DE) Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health (SINH) / 中国科学院 上海营养与健康研究院 China (CN) Umeå University Sweden (SE) NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine Singapore (SG) University of Tampere (UTA) / Tampereen yliopisto (Tay) Finland (FI) Lillebaelt Hospital / Sygehus Lillebælt Denmark (DK) Hallym University Korea, Republic of (KR) VA Palo Alto Health Care System United States (USA) (US) Rush University United States (USA) (US) I.R.C.C.S. materno infantile Burlo Garofolo Italy (IT) Tampere University Hospital / Tampereen yliopistollinen sairaala (TAYS) Finland (FI) Tampere University Hospital / Tampereen yliopistollinen sairaala (TAYS) Finland (FI) Wenzhou Medical University / 温州医科大学 (WMU) China (CN) University of Sydney (USYD) Australia (AU) University of Ibadan Nigeria (NG) Harokopio University / Χαροκόπειο Πανεπιστήμιο Greece (GR) University of Cambridge United Kingdom (GB) Washington University in St. Louis United States (USA) (US) Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung e.V. (DZD) Germany (DE) Jichi Medical University / 自治医科大学 Japan (JP) Fimlab Laboratories Finland (FI) Washington University in St. Louis United States (USA) (US) Veterans Health Administration (VHA) United States (USA) (US) Fimlab Laboratories Finland (FI) Universitätsmedizin Greifswald / Universitätsklinikum Greifswald Germany (DE) Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) United States (USA) (US) University of South Carolina United States (USA) (US) University of Tasmania (UTAS) Australia (AU) Newcastle University United Kingdom (GB)

How to cite

APA:

Smit, R.A., Wade, K.H., Hui, Q., Arias, J.D., Yin, X., Christiansen, M.R.,... Loos, R.J. (2025). Polygenic prediction of body mass index and obesity through the life course and across ancestries. Nature Medicine, 31(9), 3151-3168. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-03827-z

MLA:

Smit, Roelof A.J., et al. "Polygenic prediction of body mass index and obesity through the life course and across ancestries." Nature Medicine 31.9 (2025): 3151-3168.

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