Measuring Personalized Learning in the Smart Classroom Learning Environment: Development and Validation of an Instrument
Tuo P, Bicakci M, Ziegler A, Zhang BH (2025)
Publication Type: Journal article
Publication year: 2025
Journal
Book Volume: 15
Article Number: 620
Journal Issue: 5
Abstract
Smart classrooms leverage intelligent and mobile technologies to create highly interactive, student-centered environments conducive to personalized learning. However, measuring students’ personalized learning experiences in these technologically advanced spaces remains a challenge. This study addresses the gap by developing and validating a Smart Classroom Environment–Personalized Learning Scale (SCE-PL). Drawing on a comprehensive literature review, content-expert feedback, and iterative item refinement, an initial pool of 48 items was reduced to 39 and subsequently to 34 following item-level analyses. Two datasets were collected from Chinese middle-school students across three provinces, capturing diverse socio-economic contexts and grade levels (7th, 8th, and 9th). EFA on the first dataset (n = 424) revealed a nine-factor structure collectively explaining 78.12% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on the second dataset (n = 584) verified an excellent model fit. Internal consistency indices (Cronbach’s α > 0.87, composite reliability > 0.75) and strong convergent and discriminant validity evidence (based on AVE and inter-factor correlations) further support the scale’s psychometric soundness. The SCE-PL thus offers researchers, policymakers, and practitioners a robust, theory-driven instrument for assessing personalized learning experiences in smart classroom environments, paving the way for data-informed pedagogy, optimized learning spaces, and enhanced technological integration.
Authors with CRIS profile
Mehmet Bicakci
Lehrstuhl für Pädagogische Psychologie und Exzellenzforschung
Albert Ziegler
Lehrstuhl für Pädagogische Psychologie und Exzellenzforschung
Involved external institutions
China (CN)How to cite
APA:
Tuo, P., Bicakci, M., Ziegler, A., & Zhang, B.H. (2025). Measuring Personalized Learning in the Smart Classroom Learning Environment: Development and Validation of an Instrument. Education Sciences, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050620
MLA:
Tuo, Pan, et al. "Measuring Personalized Learning in the Smart Classroom Learning Environment: Development and Validation of an Instrument." Education Sciences 15.5 (2025).
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