Green synthesis an eco-friendly route for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thevetia peruviana and their biological activities

Rauf A, Ahmad Z, Ajaj R, Zhang H, Ibrahim M, Muhammad N, Al-Awthan YS, Bahattab OS, ULLAH I (2025)

Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2025

Journal

Scientific Reports Nature Publishing Group: Open Access Journals - Option B

Book Volume: 15

Article Number: 18316

Journal Issue: 1

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-02387-z

Abstract

This study reports the plant extract-assisted synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) using the aqueous extract of Thevetia peruviana. The synthesized IONPs were confirmed via UV–Vis spectroscopy (295 nm) and characterized using FTIR and SEM. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations indicated a thermodynamically and mechanically stable system with semimetallic behavior and visible light absorption. The biological activities of the IONPs were evaluated, including enzyme inhibition assays for urease, α-glucosidase, carbonic anhydrase-II, and xanthine oxidase, as well as anticancer activity. The Fe₃O₄ NPs exhibited potent enzyme inhibition, including urease (94.78%, IC₅₀ = 24.98 µg/mL), α-glucosidase (86.09%), and carbonic anhydrase-II (82.98%, IC₅₀ = 24.78 µg/mL). Additionally, molecular docking was performed to evaluate the interaction of Fe₃O₄ NPs with target enzymes, supporting their inhibitory potential. The NPs also demonstrated notable anticancer activity, particularly against MDR 2780AD (IC₅₀ = 0.39 µg/mL). These results showed significant enzyme inhibition and anticancer properties, indicating the potential of these green-synthesized IONPs in biomedical applications.

Authors with CRIS profile

IMRAN ULLAH Lehrstuhl für Kristallographie und Strukturphysik (ICSP)

Involved external institutions

University of Swabi / یونیورسٹی آف صوابی PK Pakistan (PK) Abu Dhabi University (ADU) / جامعة ابوظبي AE United Arab Emirates (AE) Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry (CIAC) / 中国科学院长春应用化学研究所 CN China (CN) University of Tabuk SA Saudi Arabia (SA)

How to cite

APA:

Rauf, A., Ahmad, Z., Ajaj, R., Zhang, H., Ibrahim, M., Muhammad, N.,... ULLAH, I. (2025). Green synthesis an eco-friendly route for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thevetia peruviana and their biological activities. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02387-z

MLA:

Rauf, Abdur, et al. "Green synthesis an eco-friendly route for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Thevetia peruviana and their biological activities." Scientific Reports 15.1 (2025).

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