Automated Multicohort Mobility Assessment with an Instrumented L-test (iL-test)

Albites-Sanabria J, Palumbo P, D'ascanio I, Bonci T, Caruso M, Salis F, Cereatti A, Din SD, Alcock L, Küderle A, Paraschiv-Ionescu A, Gazit E, Kluge F, Kirk C, Encarna Mico-Amigo M, Scott K, Hansen C, Klenk J, Schwickert L, Megaritis D, Vogiatzis I, Becker C, Maetzler W, Hausdorff J, Caulfield B, Vereijken B, Rochester L, Muller A, Mazza C, Carpinella I, Bowman T, Ciechi RD, Torchio A, Cattaneo D, Bianchi S, Ferrarin M, Randi P, Piraccini L, Davalli A, Chiari L, Palmerini L (2025)

Publication Type: Journal article

Publication year: 2025

Journal

DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3531723

Abstract

The L-test is a performance-based measure to assess balance and mobility. Currently, the primary outcome from this test is the time required to finish it. In this study we present the instrumented L-test (iL-test), an L-test wherein mobility is evaluated by means of a wearable inertial sensor worn at the lower back. We analyzed data from 113 people across seven cohorts: healthy adults, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, multiple sclerosis, congestive heart failure, Parkinson's disease, proximal femoral fracture, and transfemoral amputation. The iL-test automatic segmentation was validated using stereophotogrammetry. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed on 164 kinematic features derived from inertial signals to identify distinct patterns across different cohorts. The iL-test accurately recognized and segmented activities during the L-test for all cohorts (technical validity). A random forest classifier revealed that proximal femoral fracture and transfemoral amputation induced significantly different mobility patterns compared to healthy people with AUC values of 0.89 and 0.99, respectively. Strong correlations were found between kinematic features and clinical scores in multiple sclerosis, congestive heart failure, proximal femoral fracture, and transfemoral amputation, with consistent patterns of decreased movement ranges and smoothness with increasing disease severity. Furthermore, features derived from 90° and 180° turns were found to be important contributors to differentiation amongst cohorts, underscoring the need to evaluate different turn degrees and directions. This study emphasizes the iL-test potential to deliver automated mobility assessment across a wide range of clinical conditions, indicating a prospective avenue for improved mobility assessment and, eventually, more informed healthcare interventions.

Authors with CRIS profile

Involved external institutions

University of Sheffield United Kingdom (GB) University of Bologna / Università di Bologna Italy (IT) Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Germany (DE) Northumbria University United Kingdom (GB) RCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi Onlus Italy (IT) Novartis AG Switzerland (CH) Newcastle University United Kingdom (GB) Politecnico di Torino Italy (IT) École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Switzerland (CH) Robert Bosch GmbH Germany (DE) Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center / Ichilov Hospital Israel (IL) Tel Aviv University Israel (IL) University College Dublin (UCD) Ireland (IE) NTNU Trondheim - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Norway (NO) INAIL Centro Protesi Vigorso di Budrio Italy (IT)

How to cite

APA:

Albites-Sanabria, J., Palumbo, P., D'ascanio, I., Bonci, T., Caruso, M., Salis, F.,... Palmerini, L. (2025). Automated Multicohort Mobility Assessment with an Instrumented L-test (iL-test). IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3531723

MLA:

Albites-Sanabria, Jose, et al. "Automated Multicohort Mobility Assessment with an Instrumented L-test (iL-test)." IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering (2025).

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