Mechanism of Rhinovirus Immunity and Asthma

Yang Z, Mitländer H, Vuorinen T, Finotto S (2021)

Publication Type: Journal article, Review article

Publication year: 2021

Journal

Frontiers in Immunology Frontiers Research Foundation / Frontiers Media

Book Volume: 12

Article Number: 731846

DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.731846

Abstract

The majority of asthma exacerbations in children are caused by Rhinovirus (RV), a positive sense single stranded RNA virus of the Picornavirus family. The host has developed virus defense mechanisms that are mediated by the upregulation of interferon-activated signaling. However, the virus evades the immune system by inducing immunosuppressive cytokines and surface molecules like programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) on immunocompetent cells. Initially, RV infects epithelial cells, which constitute a physiologic mucosal barrier. Upon virus entrance, the host cell immediately recognizes viral components like dsRNA, ssRNA, viral glycoproteins or CpG-DNA by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Activation of toll like receptors (TLR) 3, 7 and 8 within the endosome and through MDA-5 and RIG-I in the cytosol leads to the production of interferon (IFN) type I and other antiviral agents. Every cell type expresses IFNAR1/IFNAR2 receptors thus allowing a generalized antiviral activity of IFN type I resulting in the inhibition of viral replication in infected cells and preventing viral spread to non-infected cells. Among immune evasion mechanisms of the virus, there is downregulation of IFN type I and its receptor as well as induction of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-β. TGF-β promotes viral replication and is associated with induction of the immunosuppression signature markers LAP3, IDO and PD-L1. This article reviews the recent advances on the regulation of interferon type I expression in association with RV infection in asthmatics and the immunosuppression induced by the virus.

Authors with CRIS profile

Zuqin Yang Department of Molecular Pneumology Hannah Mitländer Professur für Molekulare Pneumologie Susetta Neurath-Finotto Department of Molecular Pneumology

Involved external institutions

Turku University Hospital / Turun yliopistollinen keskussairaala (TYKS) FI Finland (FI)

How to cite

APA:

Yang, Z., Mitländer, H., Vuorinen, T., & Finotto, S. (2021). Mechanism of Rhinovirus Immunity and Asthma. Frontiers in Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.731846

MLA:

Yang, Zuqin, et al. "Mechanism of Rhinovirus Immunity and Asthma." Frontiers in Immunology 12 (2021).

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