Suhaimi FW, Yusoff NHM, Hassan R, Mansor SM, Navaratnam V, Müller CP, Hassan Z (2016)
Publication Type: Journal article
Publication year: 2016
Book Volume: 126
Pages Range: 29-40
Journal Issue: Pt 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.015
Kratom or its main alkaloid, mitragynine is derived from the plant Mitragyna speciosa Korth which is indigenous to Southeast Asian countries. This substance has become widely available in other countries like Europe and United States due to its opium- and coca-like effects. In this article, we have reviewed available reports on mitragynine and other M. speciosa extracts. M. speciosa has been proven to have a rewarding effect and is effective in alleviating the morphine and ethanol withdrawal effects. However, studies in human revealed that prolonged consumption of this plant led to dependence and tolerance while cessation caused a series of aversive withdrawal symptoms. Findings also showed that M. speciosa extracts possess antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, and muscle relaxant properties. Available evidence further supports the adverse effects of M. speciosa preparations, mitragynine on cognition. Pharmacological activities are mainly mediated via opioid receptors as well as neuronal Ca(2+) channels, expression of cAMP and CREB protein and via descending monoaminergic system. Physicochemical properties of mitragynine have been documented which may further explain the variation in pharmacological responses. In summary, current researchs on its main indole alkaloid, mitragynine suggest both therapeutic and addictive potential but further research on its molecular effects is needed.
APA:
Suhaimi, F.W., Yusoff, N.H.M., Hassan, R., Mansor, S.M., Navaratnam, V., Müller, C.P., & Hassan, Z. (2016). Neurobiology of Kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine. Brain Research Bulletin, 126(Pt 1), 29-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.015
MLA:
Suhaimi, Farah W., et al. "Neurobiology of Kratom and its main alkaloid mitragynine." Brain Research Bulletin 126.Pt 1 (2016): 29-40.
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